How to Accurately Calculate Taxes from a 1099 Form
Intro
Navigating the maze of taxes can often feel like untangling a plate full of spaghetti. When it comes to income reporting, many find themselves face-to-face with the 1099 form. It’s a key document for freelancers, independent contractors, and other self-employed individuals, marking income that doesn't come from a traditional employer. But what's under the hood of this seemingly simple form? It's crucial to grasp not just what the form is, but also how to calculate the taxes that spring from the income reported on it.
Understanding the 1099 form is essential, as it has various versions like the 1099-MISC or 1099-NEC, each carrying different implications. This article digs into the nitty-gritty of calculating taxes owed using these forms and demystifies the intricate web of self-employment taxes, deductions, and credits. With a clear roadmap laid out, you'll be better prepared to tackle tax season, potentially saving yourself a pretty penny along the way.
Key Terms and Concepts
Definition of Key Terms
Before jumping into calculations, it's prudent to define key terms that often accompany the 1099 form. Here are a few must-know terms:
- 1099 Form: A collection of tax forms used to report different types of income, including freelance earnings or monetary gifts.
- Self-Employment Tax: This is essentially a Social Security and Medicare tax for individuals who work for themselves.
- Deduction: Expenses that can be deducted from your taxable income, lowering how much tax you owe.
- Credit: A dollar-for-dollar reduction of your tax bill, making credits even more valuable than deductions.
Obtaining a solid grasp of these definitions can make you feel more in control and equipped when dealing with your finances.
Importance of Understanding Terminology
Knowing this terminology isn’t just for show. It serves a valuable purpose. Lack of clarity can lead to miscalculations, which may cost you dearly when tax day rolls around. For instance, failing to categorize an expense correctly as a deduction instead of a credit might inflate your tax liability significantly. A little knowledge can go a long way in ensuring your hard-earned money goes towards your future, not the government’s coffers.
"An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." This adage rings especially true when it comes to taxes. Being aware of these terms can prevent headaches later.
In the following sections, we'll delve deeper into the process of calculating taxes owed based on your 1099 income, helping both novice and seasoned individuals grasp these crucial financial concepts.
Understanding the Form
When it comes to taxes, the 1099 form is something that can be a bit of a maze for many people. A 1099 form serves as a crucial document for independent contractors, freelancers, and various other self-employed individuals who receive income outside of traditional employment. It is generally issued by whoever pays you, providing a detailed breakdown of the income earned over the year. Understanding the ins-and-outs of the 1099 form can significantly impact how well one navigates tax obligations, potentially resulting in savings or unexpected expenses come tax time.
The importance of this form cannot be overstated. Not only does it provide a record of income earned, but it also sets the stage for determining the tax liabilities associated with that income. There are different types of 1099 forms—each serving their distinct purposes, which we will delve into shortly. By comprehensively understanding the 1099 form, individuals can better prepare themselves for filing taxes, making informed decisions, and minimizing tax burdens.
Types of Forms
1099-MISC
The 1099-MISC form is often seen as the traditional representation of non-wage income. Issued for various types of payments, including rent, prizes, and other rewards, this form has been a staple in the finance world. A vital characteristic of the 1099-MISC is that it compiles various income streams into one convenient form, making it easier for recipients to report their earnings.
One significant feature of the 1099-MISC is that it has historically allowed for a variety of payments to be reported under one umbrella; however, with new regulations in place, some payment categories have shifted to the 1099-NEC. Its strengths lie in its broad applicability, but one downside could be the overwhelming nature of combining diverse payments on a single form—this might lead to confusion when reporting.
1099-NEC
The 1099-NEC is a newer addition to the 1099 family. This form specifically targets non-employee compensation, primarily focusing on payments made to independent contractors and freelancers. A distinctive advantage of the 1099-NEC is its clarity. By separating non-employee compensation from other types of income, it streamlines the process for both the payer and the payee.
What makes the 1099-NEC beneficial is its ability to emphasize the importance of reporting accurate income for those in the gig economy. A potential disadvantage is that, since it is newer, not all payers may understand when it needs to be issued, potentially leading to misreporting or delays.
1099-DIV
This form is specifically used for dividends and distributions received from investments. If you're receiving income through stocks or mutual funds, expect to see a 1099-DIV. A key characteristic of the 1099-DIV is that it neatly breaks down the sources of your investment income, including ordinary dividends and qualified dividends.
It simplifies the reporting process for investors by categorizing income types, but it can be daunting during tax time, as investors may have multiple 1099-DIVs from different sources, leading to a headache in data consolidation.
1099-INT
The 1099-INT form records interest income. If you have a savings account earning interest or received other types of interest income over a certain amount, this form will show that. The standout feature here is that it provides transparency regarding sources of interest income, which is essential for tax calculations.
However, one disadvantage might be when individuals have multiple interest-bearing accounts; it can make tracking this income cumbersome unless organized beforehand.
1099-R
Lastly, the 1099-R is relevant to those taking distributions from pensions, profit-sharing plans, IRAs, and other retirement accounts. A critical feature of the 1099-R is that it includes information on the taxable amount of distributions received. It's particularly significant for retirees wanting to understand their tax obligations on withdrawals.
While it can clarify distribution reporting, many individuals may get confused about tax implications, especially if funds are rolled over to different accounts without proper documentation. It’s essential to keep track of these forms to navigate tax responsibilities effectively.
Purpose of Filing
Income Reporting
Filing income through the 1099 form serves a primary purpose: to accurately report the income earned from different sources. This is vital not just for individuals, but also for the IRS, as it collects the necessary information to ensure that taxpayers pay what they owe. The transparency that comes from filling out 1099s properly contributes greatly to a fair taxation system.
The unique feature of this requirement is that it obligates payers and payees to maintain a clear line of communication regarding how much money is being exchanged. Yet, this emphasis on detailed income reporting can sometimes lead to individuals feeling intimidated by the complexity of their finances.
Tax Obligations
Tax obligations linked to 1099 income can be multifaceted. Beyond simply reporting income, individuals also need to be aware of the taxes owed and how to remit them properly. This can include self-employment taxes, estimated payments, and potential state tax obligations that vary by jurisdiction.
What makes understanding tax obligations crucial is that a misstep can result in penalties. The intricate nature of tax obligations stemming from 1099 income reveals a necessity for proper planning and a keen eye for details so that all income is accounted for according to the law.
Record Keeping
Maintaining accurate records is not just a beneficial practice; it's essential for anyone dealing with 1099 income. Good record-keeping aids in tracking income, monitoring deductions, and preparing for audits. By organizing financial documents in a structured manner, individuals can streamline their tax processes significantly.
A clear advantage of diligent record-keeping is avoiding headaches during tax season. However, a disadvantage might be the initial effort required to set up a suitable system. People tend to overlook this aspect until they are faced with a pile of paperwork, making it imperative to prioritize records through the year.
"Knowing the deadlines and obligations helps you dodge unexpected pitfalls come May. Plan ahead!"
Understanding how to navigate the complexity of the 1099 form is crucial for anyone who interacts with the gig economy or investment income. The implications of the form extend beyond mere income reporting; they enlist responsibilities tied to taxes, record management, and ultimately, financial wellness.
Who Receives a ?
Understanding who receives a 1099 form is crucial for grasping the broader picture of tax filing and financial reporting. Unlike traditional W-2 forms that salaried employees see, 1099s typically go to individuals who earn income outside of conventional employment. Recognizing this distinction can help you navigate your tax obligations and ensure that you’re adequately preparing your finances. Individuals receiving a 1099 can benefit from comprehending their responsibilities, tax implications, and what’s needed for accurate reporting.
Independent Contractors
Independent contractors are often the backbone of the gig economy. They usually work for a range of clients, providing services on a project basis rather than holding a single job with a company. When a contractor earns over a specific threshold in a year—most often $600—they receive a 1099 form from the hiring entity.
For these individuals, monitoring earnings can be quite essential. Not only must they report this income during tax season, but they may also be liable for self-employment tax, which can feel like an extra bite out of what they've earned. Keeping a precise record of all client engagements and earnings can help mitigate tax miscalculations. Here, understanding whether expenses for tools, materials, or other necessary costs are deductible can make a significant difference.
Freelancers and Gig Workers
Much like independent contractors, freelancers and gig workers operate on task-by-task or project-by-project terms. They stretch across different industries like writing, graphic design, or ridesharing. These individuals may juggle multiple income streams from various clients, making it vital to keep up with what they earn, especially as it relates to 1099 reporting.
Knowing how many 1099s to expect can equip freelancers to better prepare their financial hearings. Furthermore, with each additional income source, proper documentation of expenses can open the door for potential deductions. In this fluctuating job market, it’s important to track every penny coming in and going out. Without careful tracking, they might end up underreporting their income, which can be a slippery slope with the IRS.
Investors
Investors, too, often receive 1099 forms—particularly those who earn dividends, interest income, or capital gains from their investments. If you've bought shares in a company or another financial instrument, chances are you'll get a 1099-DIV or 1099-INT form at year-end, indicating your earnings.
For someone dabbling in investments, knowing that these forms are coming in is key to accurate tax filing. Each form sheds light on the income generated through investments, and the presence of more than one form can indicate diverse investment strategies. Moreover, understanding potential tax implications, such as qualified dividends being taxed at a lower rate, can provide investors with strategic advantages. Keeping meticulous records of transactions can lend insight into individual performance and further optimizing tax obligations.
By delving into who receives 1099s, individuals can demystify the tax complexities that come with non-traditional income. Understanding your status—be it independent contractor, freelancer, or investor—will help in preparing proper documentation and ultimately streamlining the filing process.
Tax Implications of Income
When dealing with taxes, navigating the waters of 1099 income can feel like walking through a minefield. Understanding the tax implications of income reported on a 1099 form isn't just a mundane task; it’s a vital part of ensuring compliance and avoiding nasty surprises come April. This section delves into why it matters, exploring specific elements like self-employment tax, estimated taxes, and the additional Medicare tax. Knowing these elements helps individuals and businesses not only to calculate accurately but also to enhance their financial framework.
Self-Employment Tax
Self-employment tax is a crucial element for anyone receiving income through a 1099 form, especially independent contractors and freelancers. Unlike traditional W-2 employees whose employers cover half of their Social Security and Medicare taxes, self-employed individuals must shoulder the entire burden. This means they pay a 15.3% tax rate, which includes both Social Security and Medicare.
For instance, if you earn $50,000 from freelance work, you'd owe about $7,650 just in self-employment tax. This hefty sum can catch many off guard, particularly those new to freelance work. It's essential to plan for this tax by potentially setting aside funds throughout the year. Self-employment tax, while a bitter pill to swallow, contributes primarily to your future benefits, so see it more as an investment in your own safety net.
Estimated Taxes
Another key consideration is estimated taxes, which must be paid throughout the year instead of just during tax season. For 1099 earners, the IRS requires these payments if you expect to owe $1,000 or more when you file your return. Rather than dealing with this lump sum in one go, estimated taxes allow you to split up the burden across four payments.
You calculate estimated tax payments based on the previous year’s tax liability or the expected income for the current year—whichever is less. This can be beneficial because, when done properly, it aligns your outgoings with your income flow, smoothing the peaks and valleys of your financial landscape. If payments fall short or are not made on time, you may attract penalties. The last thing any tax filer wants is to draw unwanted attention from the IRS over missed deadlines. A practical approach may involve creating a payment calendar—marked in bright red for due dates—to keep yourself in check.
Additional Medicare Tax
If your income has climbed over certain thresholds, the Additional Medicare Tax creeps into the equation. This tax kicks in at $200,000 for single filers and $250,000 for married couples filing jointly. If you find yourself on the higher end of income from 1099 forms, be prepared for that extra 0.9% to come out of your earnings.
While it might seem trivial on its own, in the grand scheme of your tax situation, this can accumulate quite quickly. Calculators with the right IRS guidelines can help you predict how much of your income falls into this category. Monitoring this closely could save you from overlooking it when your earnings fluctuate.
Takeaway: Always keep an eye on your earnings, particularly as you approach or exceed income thresholds. Ignoring it could lead to unexpected bites out of your paycheck.
Understanding the tax implications tied to 1099 income equips individuals with the knowledge to navigate their financial responsibilities more effectively. By keeping an eye on self-employment tax, staying on top of estimated payments, and being aware of additional Medicare tax, you can mitigate risks and plan for a smoother tax season.
Calculating Taxes Owed
Identifying Taxable Income
When contemplating tax calculation, the first step is pinpointing exactly what your taxable income is. For many, this is derived simply from the amounts reported on the 1099 forms. Let’s say you received a 1099-NEC for freelance work amounting to $5,000. This would be your starting point for taxable income. However, it’s essential to remember that not all income reported on a 1099 is taxable in the same manner. For instance, certain distributions from retirement accounts might be taxable only under specific circumstances.
It’s also vital to factor in any other income sources you may have, like side jobs or hobby earnings. By collecting all your earnings, you can lay the groundwork for a more precise tax calculation.
Deductions and Credits
Understanding deductions and credits is akin to having a map in the thick jungle of taxes; they can significantly reduce your taxable income or the taxes you owe.
Standard Deduction
A standard deduction provides a straightforward reduction in taxable income—it's like a blanket that covers part of your earnings and keeps them safe from taxation. For the tax year 2022, for instance, the standard deduction might sit around $12,950 for individual filers. This deduction's simplicity makes it a favored choice; you don’t have to crunch numbers to prove every single dollar spent. However, it's worth noting that if your deductible expenses surpass the standard deduction, you might be better off opting for itemized deductions.
In essence, this deduction is beneficial for many, but those with significant deductibles must weigh their options carefully.
Business Expenses
Business expenses can be a powerful ally in minimizing taxes owed. If you are an independent contractor or a freelancer, you can deduct necessary expenditures directly related to your work. This includes costs like software subscriptions, a portion of your internet bill, or even home office supplies. The hallmark of business expenses is their necessary and ordinary nature. They must be typical in your line of work and help you earn your income.
However, care must be taken not to overreach. The IRS scrutinizes such deductions closely, and recording everything meticulously is best practice to avoid running afoul of tax regulations.
Educational Credits
If you're taking courses to further your skills—perhaps to keep your freelance business thriving—educational credits can help offset some of those costs. Available credits can either reduce the amount of tax you owe or even allow for a refund if they exceed the total taxes due. Examples include the American Opportunity Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit. These credits are attractive because they can often result in significant savings.
However, eligibility can be tricky, as they often hinge on factors such as income levels or amount of expenses incurred. Always double-check details before claiming them.
Using Tax Software vs. Manual Calculation
In the digital age, tax software has become quite popular among individual filers, especially those managing 1099 income. These programs offer user-friendly interfaces that guide you through the complex maze of tax calculations, making it easier to input income, expenses, and determine potential deductions. They often come with built-in error checks that can prevent costly mistakes.
On the flip side, manual calculation can still be a viable option for those who are detail-oriented. While it might require more rigor and patience, it can foster a better understanding of the entire process. Processing calculations by hand gives one an intricate knowledge of financial dealings, as you won’t just be clicking through boxes.
Ultimately, it often boils down to personal preference—do you want a shortcut with tax software or the deep dive of manual calculations? Choose what best suits your style, but don’t overlook the possibility that the blend of both can offer the most thorough insight into your finances.
Reporting Income
Navigating the maze of tax obligations can often feel like trying to read hieroglyphics without a Rosetta Stone. For anyone receiving income through a 1099 form, understanding the ins and outs of reporting that income is crucial to maintaining compliance with IRS regulations, and it can also influence financial decision-making down the line.
Properly reporting 1099 income is not just an exercise in paperwork; it’s about laying a solid foundation for future financial endeavors. When you report this income correctly, you're not only avoiding potential audits or penalties but also setting the stage for a more accurate portrayal of your financial health. This can benefit you in securing loans, establishing credit, or simply understanding your own financial trajectory.
Filing Requirements
Filing requirements can get quite tricky, especially for those who may not be seasoned in the realm of taxes. Generally speaking, if you earn $600 or more in a particular tax year from a single source, that entity should issue you a 1099. However, even if you make less than that, it’s advisable to report all income—no matter how much.
Moreover, the IRS expects recipients to follow specific guidelines related to various forms. For example, legislation around reporting has nuances based on the type of 1099 received. It's crucial to ensure you're filing your papers on time and in the correct manner to avoid unnecessary headaches in the future.
Forms to Use
When it comes to the forms necessary for reporting 1099 income, there are a few standards which come into play.
Schedule
Overview
Schedule C is the form you will need to fill out if you’re self-employed or a sole proprietor reporting income and expenses.
Key Characteristic
The essential feature of Schedule C lies in its straightforward approach to detailing both income generated from self-employment as well as any expenses that can be deducted. This form captures a holistic view of your business activities.
Benefits and Drawbacks
One significant advantage of Schedule C is that it allows for the reporting of various business-related expenses, such as supplies and even home office costs. However, the nuance is that it can become complex; tracking expenses accurately is required to take advantage of the deductions effectively.
Schedule SE
Overview
Schedule SE deals with self-employment taxes, which primarily include Social Security and Medicare taxes that aren't automatically withheld from 1099 income.
Key Characteristic
This form is a must if your net earnings from self-employment hit $400 or more.
Benefits and Drawbacks
Utilizing Schedule SE ensures that you are contributing appropriately to your Social Security benefits, yet it also can lead to higher tax liabilities—an important consideration based on your income level.
Form
Overview
Form 1040 is your primary federal income tax form for individual taxpayers.
Key Characteristic
Essentially, it consolidates all income, including wages, dividends, and indeed 1099 income into a single comprehensive document.
Benefits and Drawbacks
While Form 1040 simplifies the overall tax reporting process by centralizing various income streams onto one form, the downside is that the instructions can become convoluted, particularly if you have various types of income. It's important to read directions carefully or consult with a tax advisor when necessary to avoid missteps.
Understanding these forms and their roles in reporting your 1099 income helps pave the way for compliance and financial clarity.
Common Mistakes in Reporting
Navigating the intricacies of 1099 reporting can be a tricky endeavor. One of the reasons it's so crucial to get it right is that mistakes can easily lead to unwanted tax liabilities and penalties. When dealing with income reported on a 1099, even the smallest error can snowball into a bigger issue. This section will shed light on some common mistakes that individuals make when reporting their 1099 income and how to avoid them.
Understanding these common pitfalls not only enhances the accuracy of your tax filing but helps ensure compliance with IRS requirements, safeguarding your financial future.
Underreporting Income
One prevalent misstep is underreporting income. This situation often occurs when taxpayers fail to include all forms of 1099 income on their tax return. Sometimes, this happens due to simple oversight. For instance, if a freelancer receives a 1099-MISC for a particular project but overlooks the income from another gig reported on a different 1099 form, they could inadvertently report less income than they actually earned.
Additionally, the tendency to combine revenue or incorrectly estimate smaller income sources can also lead to this error. It might seem harmless to downplay a few bucks, but remember that every penny counts. The IRS matches the 1099 forms it receives against the information taxpayers submit, so underreporting can easily raise a red flag. Reassessing your records and cross-referencing all received forms before filing will help ensure that no income goes unnoticed.
Incorrect Filing Status
Another common error involves selecting the wrong filing status on your tax return. Many taxpayers might not realize that their filing status can significantly affect their tax bracket and overall tax obligation. For instance, if you're a single freelancer earning income reported via Form 1099 but mistakenly check the married filing jointly status, it might not just confuse the IRS—it could also potentially increase your tax bill.
Moreover, this mistake could lead to missing out on valuable tax breaks that apply to your actual situation. Understanding the nuances of each filing status, such as Head of Household or Qualified Widow(er), is vital. Keep in mind that although you may have filed one way last year, your situation may have changed. Always assess your current status carefully and ensure it reflects your circumstances accurately.
Mismanagement of Deductions
The last discussed mistake involves the mismanagement of deductions, an issue often cloaked in misunderstanding. Taxpayers with 1099 income frequently overlook the deductions they are entitled to. A common scenario is mistakenly believing that they cannot deduct business expenses, leading them to pay more tax than necessary.
However, legitimate business expenses—like software subscriptions, home office costs, or travel expenditures—can often be deducted, substantially lowering your taxable income. Missing out on these can result from a lack of awareness or poor record-keeping habits. To sidestep this pitfall, keep meticulous records and receipts, and consult the relevant IRS publications to grasp what qualifies.
"Properly managing your deductions is not just about reducing what you owe—it's about ensuring every aspect of your financial life is in harmony with tax laws."
In summary, avoiding these common mistakes in 1099 reporting is essential for ensuring compliance and minimizing tax liabilities. By being vigilant about underreporting income, selecting the correct filing status, and managing deductions properly, you can pave a smoother path come tax season.
Avoiding Penalties
When it comes to dealing with tax obligations, the last thing you want is to find yourself on the wrong side of the IRS. Understanding how to avoid penalties is absolutely crucial. Not only do these penalties hit your wallet, but they can create unnecessary stress in your financial life. This section breaks down the key components of staying in the IRS's good graces.
Understanding IRS Guidelines
Navigating the myriad of IRS guidelines can feel like trying to find your way through a maze, especially for those new to the world of 1099 income. Yet it's imperative to grasp these regulations to keep issues at bay. The IRS has outlined specific requirements when it comes to reporting income and paying taxes.
For instance, any income reported on your 1099 forms must be included in your annual tax return. The IRS utilizes matching programs to ensure reported income aligns with your tax filings. If discrepancies arise, you can expect to be flagged for possible penalties, which can range from fines to interest on unpaid taxes. The following points should especially catch your attention:
- Report All Income: Even if you think the income might not be taxable, it’s best to report it. The IRS expects full transparency.
- Select the Correct Tax Form: Make sure you use the right tax form for reporting your 1099 income; using the wrong form can lead to errors, resulting in pesky penalties.
- Keep Records: Invest time in maintaining accurate records of your income and expenses. Keeping receipts and documentation adds credibility, should the IRS come knocking.
"Understanding your obligations as a taxpayer can save you headaches down the road. Ignorance of the law is no excuse, so stay informed!"
Timely Filing and Payment
Once you understand IRS requirements, the next step is to adhere to deadlines. Filing and paying your taxes on time cannot be stressed enough. Procrastination might seem harmless at first, but it can lead to a cascade of penalties that could sink your finances.
- Know Your Deadlines: Familiarize yourself with key dates, both for filing and making payments. Using a calendar can help track these crucial milestones.
- Consider Extensions: If you find yourself swamped, filing for an extension can provide additional time to prepare your taxes. However, remember that an extension to file is not an extension to pay. You must have your tax liability paid by the regular deadline to avoid incurring interest and penalties.
- Electronic Payments: Using IRS Direct Pay or the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System can make paying taxes easier and quicker. Not only does it eliminate postal delays, but it's also a reliable record of your transactions.
- Focus on Accuracy: Make sure to double-check everything before hitting submit. Even minor mistakes can lead to penalties, so it's worth taking a little extra time to ensure accuracy.
Filing and paying on time lays the groundwork for treating tax liability as a priority rather than an afterthought, preventing the headache of penalties altogether.
Resources for Tax Calculation
Navigating the labyrinth of tax calculations can be daunting, especially when grappling with 1099 forms. Understanding the resources available for these calculations is crucial. Accessing reliable materials not only helps in avoiding mistakes but also ensures compliance with ever-changing tax laws. Whether you’re a rookie or a seasoned taxpayer, leveraging the right resources can provide clarity amidst the complexity.
IRS Resources and Publications
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is a foundational resource for anyone needing to calculate taxes owed based on 1099 income. Their website offers a wealth of information and guidance. Among the key publications are:
- Publication 535: Business Expenses
- Publication 334: Tax Guide for Small Business
- Publication 501: Dependents, Standard Deduction, and Filing Information
These documents break down the tax obligations in a user-friendly way, outlining what qualifies as deductible. They also reinforce the importance of record-keeping. By staying up-to-date with these IRS resources, taxpayers can feel more empowered and informed, which can lead to more accurate tax filings.
Moreover, the IRS frequently updates their online portals. Following their official Twitter handle or subscribing to their newsletters can keep you in the loop on new regulations or changes in tax laws that might affect 1099 reporting.
Consulting Tax Professionals
While self-research through IRS documents is beneficial, sometimes nothing can replace the insight of a tax professional. Consulting an accountant or a tax advisor can provide tailored advice specific to one’s financial situation.
When looking for a tax expert, consider the following:
- Experience with 1099 Forms: Ensure they are well-versed in freelance and contractor tax implications.
- Up-to-Date Knowledge: Tax laws are slippery; a good consultant keeps abreast of current regulations.
- Reputation: Look for reviews or recommendations from others in your field.
A tax professional can help dissect your financials, identifying potential deductions and credits that might otherwise be overlooked. They also offer peace of mind, knowing that your taxes are being managed correctly and efficiently.
"The best way to predict your future is to create it." – Abraham Lincoln
